including high secure systems
n.s.anandha kumaran
3rd YEAR, E.E.E,
K.L.N.c.e
Sivagangai.
nsanandhakumaran@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
The main aim of our paper is to monitor the remote energy-billing meter from the EB substation through wireless communication including advanced security systems by which ,electricity theft can be eliminated efficiently.
In the present scenario, the power consumption from the house is indicated directly in the energy meter. The energy meter readings directly give about the power consumption of the individual houses. The EB substation authorities will note the readings and estimate the corresponding billing amount. This will become a very tedious job as this involves lot of manpower in this wireless world.
In our paper we have designed an energy meter with an RF module which will transmit the data which is nothing but the power consumption units to the EB substation. These data from the each and every individual houses are then collected in the receiver which is placed in the EB substation and then those records are stored in the database. Here, we are cutting off the human interventions. Here we can also prevent malfunctions of the system by the consumer at the consumer site. And also maintenance and repair is easy and quicker in case of any faults.
We are using the duplex communication between the house microcontroller and EB substation microcontroller using RF modules and security is taken care by UV radiation security systems or by dual programmable camera arrangement .Hence, there is less chance of error output and at the same time more secure. Even though capital investment is more, it is compensated by the removal of manual labour and decreasing the theft. Hence forth it will be a more reliable and effective system and the investment can be recovered soon thus it will be economical in future. So, this paper can be implemented as a real time system very effectively and efficiently.
INTRODUCTION:
The paper aims at instantaneous transmission of the quantity of power consumed as measured by the energy meter and also sensing any misusage by the consumer. The implementation of these automated systems (communication and security alert) is realized using EMBEDDED SYSTEMS.
In EB meters there are two types, analog meters and digital meters. The analog meters are mostly used in olden days. These meter readings are calculated under the basis of the number of rotation made by the rotating disc. The digital meter is the mostly used EB meters now a day. This meter works on the basis of the flash made by the LED and according to that the reading are calculated.
In our idea we are using micro controllers namely 89C51 in both receiving and transmitting part and also in detecting faults and controlling security systems. The power measured by the energy meter is sensed using infrared sensor and given to the microcontroller for manipulation and storage purpose. The Wireless transmission is carried out using RF and FM module and thus a half Duplex means of communication.
As soon as the microcontroller in the receiver part (EB meter) gives the signal nothing but a pulse signal to the microcontroller in the USER part the microcontroller initiates the transmission of data. The data from the microcontroller is encoded by means of a Dual Tone Multiple Frequency (DTMF) encoder, and then RF modulated and then transmitted by means of a RF transmitter using the RF module. The data is received means of RF module and data is given to microcontroller. The data in the microcontroller is given to the personal computer by means of serial interface (RS232) and the data is stored in the database where the data is processed. Moreover security can be accomplished by usage of UV radiation sensors or dual camera setup. The old system tinged with the advantage of wireless communication such as excellent secured service capability without any human entanglement.
ENERGY METER:
INTRODUCTION:
Energy is the total power delivered or consumed over a time interval. Energy consumed is measured with the help of energy meter. The induction type of energy meter is used universally for measuring energy consumed in domestic and in industry purpose. At present scenario motor meter are replaced by digital meters.
FERRARIS METER:
Electricity is measured in kilowatts-hours. The Ferraris meter is also referred to as an induction meter. Ferraris meters are in wide use due to their simplicity of design and low cost for mass production. The single-phase, watt-hour meters found in many homes are usually of this type. The mete has an electromagnet, called the stator, which consist of voltage coil and current coil. These coils are connected to the incoming line and react electro magnetically in proportion to the line voltage and current, or power. Meter readings may be displayed on dials, recorded in graphic form on charts, or transmitted electronically to digital read-out devices. There are different ways to measure the rotation of the disc.
The old mechanical way is to let the disc drive a gear train connected to a series of dials that indicates the kilowatt-hour (kWh) reading. Sequence of the switching will determine the direction of the rotation. An alternative is to use Tran missive sensor, in which a slot on the disc will replace the dark tape to actuate the sensors. In this paper we have designed a prototype model of energy meter which is having a rotating disc mounted on a AC motor.
Hardware setup:
Power supply:
Most of the electronic equipments and devices require a DC source for their operation. We can get this DC power from storage batteries. But they are costly and require frequent maintenance and replacement. The easily available power is AC. There are circuits which can easily convert the AC into DC. Such electronic circuit is called as power supply. A typical DC power supply consists of five stages.
AC I/P
TRANSFORMERR
RECTIFIER
FILTER
VOLTAGE
REGULATOR
DC O/P
Block diagram of power supply unit
This block diagram consists of the following blocks.
AC input and DC output.
Transformer
Rectifier
Filter
Voltage regulator IC
.
Infrared rays:
Infrared ray region of the spectrum lies beyond the red end of the visible ranges, with wavelengths between 0.01 to 7.5 ^5 cm. Infrared radiation is absorbed and emitted by the movement (rotations and vibrations) of chemical bonded atoms are groups of any materials. Some of the materials that absorbed infrared radiations are window glass, water and atmosphere. Although invisible to the eye, longer infrared radiation can be detected as warmth by the skin. One of the major uses of infrared rays is infrared photography. Special films of sensors which have the property to ‘see in the dark’ are used to observe these rays, which enhance difference areas according to their heat emission.
IR sensor asseBmly:
The IR sensors are used to detect the number of rotations of the disc in the energy meter. We use the property of reflection of IR rays to detect the rotations. The IR transmitter is having an IR light emitting diode which is supplied with a 9 volt DC through a current emitting resistor 270 ohm.
In case of IR receiver during ideal condition when the photo diode dose not sense the light from IR LED it becomes open circuit and the voltage V1 is inverted by means comparator IC and hence the LED glows. When the photo diode sense the IR from transmitter the output of comparator is high and hence the LED doesn’t glow. When the photo diodes sense the IR from transmitter the output of LM324 is high and hence the LED doesn’t glows.
The IR transmitter is placed in such a way that the emitted IR rays undergo reflection from the metallic disc of the energy meter which is sensed by the photo diode. The disc consist of black strips which absorb the IR rays which are one of its properties at the instance when the IR rays come in contact with the black strip during disc rotation there is no photo current generator at the photo diode. This helps us to count the number of rotations of the metallic disc, which in turn helps us to calculate the unit consumed by the consumer. The output of IR receiver is given to the port 1.0 of the microcontroller for the calculation of unit and data storage.
Microcontroller:
Introduction:
A microcontroller is an integrated circuit which has a processor with other support function (clock and reset), memory (RAM and ROM) and IO functions built into the device. One of the major differences between the microprocessor and microcontroller often deals with bits, not bytes as in the real world applications. Here 8051 is used for simplicity.
8051 microcontroller:
The 8051 is a 8-bit Microcontroller of having 128 bytes of RAM, 4K Bytes of on-chip ROM, two timers, one serial port, and four ports(each 8-Bits wide)all on a single chip. At times it is also referred to as a “System On a Chip (SOC)”.Here not only 8051 can be used but we can use any version of 8051 such as 8751, AT89C51, and DS5000.
block diagram of 8051
Transmitting and receiving section:
radio frequency wave:
Electromagnetic wave in the frequency spectrum of 0.001 to 10^16 hz are termed as radio waves when a radio wave is radiated from the transmitting antenna, its spreads in all directions decreasing in amplitude with increasing distance because of spreading of the speaking electromagnetic energy to larger and larger surface areas. Radio wave covers in the band of electromagnetic energy which covers the frequency range from few khz to few mhz.
Radio waves are nothing but oscillations which propagate with the velocity of light in free space. In our paper, we are using the module which consists of modulation, encoding, and transmitting section in-built inside a single chip termed as Radio Frequency module. The tlp 434a is a Radio Frequency module chip for transmitting and rlp 434a is the Radio Frequency module for receiving. It works with the frequency of approximately 434MHz.
Transmitting section:
In the transmitting section all the data that are manipulated is stored in the micro controller. When a signal is received from the EB substation the home microcontroller in pin number 24 nothing but in port 2, third pin which is designated for checking the signal pulse. For this, we have a FM receiver circuit which senses the pulse.
When the pulse is received, microcontroller understands that it is the time for sending the data to the EB the sub station thereby it initiates the data transmission through TLP 434A RF modules. Separate code can be designed for each and every home to distinguish one another.
Rf modules:
The RF communication is absolutely digital in nature. In digital communication there are several module techniques. They are
Amplitude shift keying
Frequency shift keying
Phase shift keying
Binary phase shift keying
Minimum shift keying etc.,
In this Amplitude shift keying is used.
Receiver section:
The receiver section consists of the RLP 434A modules which receives the signals and gives to the micro controller.
The demodulation that is carried out in the receiver section is Amplitude shift keying and the supply voltage that is required is varied in between 4.5 to 5.5 DC. The output voltage is digital and linear in nature. The sensitivity of the output voltage is 3 micro volts (RMS).
Serial communication:
In order to transmit the data from the micro controller to the computer a perfect matching circuit is necessary because micro controller is built on TTL logic while computer is built on BIOS logic. In order to perform this matching Max 232 IC is used.
EFFECTIVE TRANSMISSION USING MULTIPLEXING:
All the signals can be effectively transmitted by using both types of multiplexing techniques namely time and frequency division multiplexing.
As a whole, the full circle under EB substation can be allocated with particular RF frequency range(spectrum) and in this spectrum frequency division multiplexing(FDM) can be used for different areas by allocating different channels and in this channels time division multiplexing(TDM) can be used. If this area consists of apartments then two or three apartments can be grouped together and time division multiplexing can be used. If the area consists of individual houses then streets can be grouped into and time division multiplexing can be used. We can use high-speed TDM using electronic switching and delay lines.
Thus the transmission can be done effectively with in a less Band Width by using multiplexing techniques.
DATA PROCESSING IN EB:
Processing of data is done in PC using any software which can be easily developed using ORACLE or Ms Access as back-ends and VB or VCPP or java as front-ends.
software requirements:
· Including new user
· Bill enquiries
· Instantaneous processing of data from receiver
· Billing and Tallying
· User enquires
· Automatic separation different lists etc.,
SECURITY SYSTEMS:
Here main concern is security. Security in the sense the new system should not give any chance to consumer involving in complicity. Assuming that the old system have provided all external security (such as replacing the over head transmission lines by the under ground lines), this new system is providing all the chances of intervention in the consumer side internally (such as by-passing the current from the meter , rotating the metallic disc backwards etc.,). This is accomplished by using dual programmable camera setup or UV radiations or any type of suitable sensors. This may not cost more also.
DUAL CAMERA SYSTEM:
In this set up we will be using two programmable cameras (externally or internally in a chip). The whole energy meter setup will be fixed in a closed sealed box.
The two cameras will be fixed such that one covers the other so that if the consumer tries to open the sealed box immediately signal will be transmitted to the EB substation thus avoiding any theft by changing the programmable controller so that wrong readings will be noted and transmitted and also no bi-passing can be allowed internally as the EB line man will seal the transmission line up to the sealed box. Here the sub meter system can also be allowed. Thus, theft can be avoided by increasing the security.
UV RADIATION SYSTEM OR IR RADIATION SYSTEM:
Similar to the camera arrangements we can also arrange sensors to all the sides of the box. so that if the box is broken or cut open in any side in any part to introduce in objects inside the sensors will recognize and signal will be raised. Similarly any type of sensor systems can be used.
Conclusion and future scope:
The proposed system for energy billing is automatic without human intervention and consumer can directly know the amount he has to pay .So it is both consumer and EB friendly.
The software can developed very easily with the present IT technology. Here the security measures are also taken in consideration so that this system overcomes the drawbacks in present system and also the new system does not give any such chances.
In future, this system can be improved by some additional features meeting the consumer requirements like emergency signal from the EB station employees; bill payment acknowledgement alarm etc., by just replacing the transmitter in the consumer side with a transmitter and receiver antenna. The receiver micro controller can be made designated for some other applications also.
REFERENCE
1. “Electronic Communication Systems”, 3rd edition George Kennedy, TMH.
2. Roy Choudhury and Shail B.Jain, “linear integrated circuits” New age international, 1998.
3. “The 8051 microcontroller and embedded systems” by Muhammad Ali Mazidi & Janice Gillispie Mazidi – Pearson education.
4. www.embeddedsystems.com
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