NANOTECHNOLOGY TREATMENT OF CANCER

ABSTRACT:

The credential part of this paper gives the theoretical application of nanodevices in the treatment of cancer. The latest technology for the treatment cancer is the chemotherapic treatment in which drugs of specific composition is given to the patients depending on the biopsy of the tumor from the patient. The main disadvantage of using chemotherapy is that the drug used is not so specific and hence it causes damage to the surrounding healthy cells. It uses MAb, the monoclonal antibodies to locate the affected areas. To make the treatment more specific, we use the nanodevices that use nanosensors to be more specific in application of chemotherapy to the malignant tumors, thereby increasing the safety in usage of chemotherapic drugs. Also the use of biomotors in the nanodevices increases the oxygen content in the surrounding that decreases the hypoxia environment. paper is only a theoretical analysis given and all the information provided are specifically organized by us with help from a cancer patient, her doctor and a microbiology student. We sincerely thank them for their cooperation with us, for our paper. This paper is only a theoretical analysis given and all the information provided are specifically organized by us with help from a cancer patient, her doctor and a microbiology student. We sincerely thank them for their cooperation with us, for our paper.

INTRODUCTION:
"This technology has the potential to replace existing manufacturing methods for integrated circuits, which may reach their practical limits within the next decade when Moore's Law eventually hits a brick wall,"
- Physicist Bernard Yurke of Bell Labs.
This paper gives some of the theoretical applications that could be possible with nanotechnology in the field of bio-medical instrumentation, diagnosed disease treatment possibilities.
What is nanotechnology?
Nano is one billionth of one. Now we have the so-called microprocessors and micromanipulations that would reach the nano level within a few decades, we suppose. Some call this technology to be nanotechnology and some others name if the molecular nanotechnology, to be specific. [2] Whatever we call it, it should let us
 Get essentially every atom in the right place.
 Make almost any structure consistent with the laws of physics that we can specify in molecular detail.
 Have manufacturing costs not greatly exceeding the cost of the required raw materials and energy.

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NANO EVIDENCES:
 In 1990, IBM researchers showed that it is possible to manipulate single atoms. They positioned 35 xenon atoms on the surface of a nickel crystal, using an atomic force microscopy instrument. These positioned atoms spelled out the letters "IBM".

WHAT IS CANCER?
The human body is made up of many cellular units that worn out regularly. These worn out cells are removed and new cells replaces the old existing cells by a cellular division referred to as mitosis. There are certain control systems that control these dividing mechanisms. Cancerous cells are those cells with boundless dividing capabilities that affect the normal body put up. Cancer begins when there has been a permanent change in the structure of DNA, referred to as the mutation. This change in gene structure takes place in several steps given below.
I. Primary steps:
In this case Safety Systems fails. The cells communicate with each other by receptor organs through the chemotherapic process, i.e. through chemical changes.
Proto-Oncogenes Become Oncogenes:
These messages referred to as the growth factor reaches the adjacent cells and activate the genes known as Proto-Oncogenes, but the case of a mutated gene is referred to as simply Oncogenes which gives message for repeated multiplication of cells, being the main causative of cancerous cell growth.
Tumor Suppressor Genes Stop Working:
This repeated multiplication alone cannot serve to be the cause of cancer. The adjacent cells produce the tumor suppressor activation to inhibit the growth of the cells. At times this might also malfunction.
Cell Cycle Clock Malfunctions:
The cell nucleus contains a collection of interacting proteins that control cell division, called the cell cycle clock that interprets the health of the cell for further processes. If DNA is found damaged then the tumor suppressor gene destroys the cell. In case of cancer, also this gene fails due to one or more mutation processes.
telomerase that extends the length of telomeres indefinitely causing an increase in the life span of the cell adding to the tediousness.
B. Secondary steps: This alone is not enough to produce cancer cause it has to survive a number of other safety mechanisms that prevents the excessive cell growth. Normal cells cannot survive without an extracellular matrix, which is not the case with the cancerous cells.
Tumor Forms:
The tumor is a collection of cells without the aid of extracellular matrix for its survival, which maintains a blood vessel network buy angiogenesis. In case if the tumor is a benign tumor, it would be prevailing only in one part and its surgical removal is also possible. The other is a malignant tumor that serves as the pre-cancer tissue.
WHAT IS A MAB:
Monoclonal Antibody (MAb), laboratory-produced protein molecule used in medicine to detect pregnancy; diagnose disease, including acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis, and various kinds of cancer; and treat conditions caused by toxins, or poisonous substances, such as snake venom. MAbs best serve medicine as diagnostic tools and treatment aids
The Synthesis of MAb (Monoclonal
Antibody):














How chemotherapy works:
It is highly desirable to know what drugs are effective against your particular cancer cells before these toxic agents are systemically administered to your body. Chemosensitivity tests are performed on living specimens of cancer cells to determine the optimal combination of chemotherapy drugs.

What is an ATP?

ATP serves as fuel for basic life functions, such as cell growth and muscle movement. Boyer helped explain the complicated molecular process in which the enzyme, called ATP synthase, processes energy into ATP, which cells then use as fuel. When the body processes nutrients from food or sunlight, chemical energy is released.

The enzyme ATP synthase absorbs that energy, converts it into the fuel-like ATP, and transfers the fuel to any of a number of functions that require it—from the growth of cells to the contraction of muscles to the transmission of nerve messages. ATP synthase transfers energy to ATP molecules by adding a phosphate ion to an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) molecule.Bonding phosphate to ADP produces ATP and makes the molecule more stable, increasing its potential energy. ATP is regarded as a fuel for virtually all processes that require energy in a living organism.

The ability of medical nanodevices to measure both absolute temperature and changes in temperature is crucial for monitoring in vivo physiological thermoregulatory mechanisms and intracellular energy transactions. Precision thermal sensing is also important within nanoscale devices to provide corrective input for pressure, chemical, and displacement sensors, and to improve the stability of onboard clocks.

NANOSENSORS PRODUCTION THRO’ T4 BACTERIOPHAGE
The recent trends in the field of nanotechnology have been recognized by the developed nations in the world. Even its gaining importance in India too. We have presented a theoretical paper of how this technology could be used in cancer treatment. There are a humpty number of projects in the laboratories all over the world for implement this nanotechnology in the field of medical sciences. But this could be used easily to bring about efficient outcomes in the developed treatment techniques that are effective already [3]. The present area of research in this field is that of having nano level manipulations that are quite tedious now days. The hindrance in these to be implemented is that of not having better techniques of having sensors at the nano level that could be economical. To develop a nano level sensor it takes much of time and also the efficiency is not good.
The present technology for the treatment of cancer involves the chemotherapic way that is no way effective. Also the projects under taken in the treatment of cancer using nanotechnology are also not yet implemented effectively.
The present situation has the following ways for treatment of cancer
 Chemotherapic drugs
 Immunology
 Radiotherapy
The treatment of cancer using nanotechnology uses the following type of sensors
 Fluorescence sensor
 Temperature sensor
 Pressure sensor
 Chemical sensor
Here we have provided an algorithm for the treatment of the same using the
present technological advancements already implemented.

Process that follows are
 If we use some kind of nanotube that has the characteristics of being attracted by the radiation components then the couple of nanotubes being used would be attracted by these compounds that there would be some displacement in the nanotube coated with the radiation attracted compound.
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IMPLEMENTATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN CANCER TREATMENT:
In this case we could use the nanorobots, specially designed nanodevices that could carry the chemotherapic drugs for the treatment of cancer cells and also to improve the MAb contents in these robots thereby improving the efficiency of the chemotherapy in cancer treatment, which has been a major problem in today’s treatment techniques. Also the use of ATP powered biomotors used for nanodevices create a low hypoxia environment that decreases the danger of spreading of tumor to other regions .The chemotherapic drugs are injected into the patient that along with the MAb are used to identify the affected areas thereby making a localized perception of the cancer tissue. Then the nanosensors used identify the temperature variation in the local environment that detects the specific areas of infection that could be used for application of chemotherapic drugs. The hypoxia is decreased in the local environment, due to the use of bio motors in nanodeviceshelps in controlling the further spreading of tumor. Thus nanotechnology is implemented in the biomedical field for treatment of cancer.

CONCLUSION:
The paper is just a theoretical justification. But the recent advancement in the field of nanotechnology gives the hope of the effective use of this technology in medical field. This paper starts by giving an introduction to nanotechnology and its importance as recognized by various other technocrats. This is the beginning of nanoera and we could expect further improvements such as cure to AIDS using nanotechnology